When Was The Firts Pice Of Makeup Made

History of cosmetics in cultures

The history of cosmetics spans at least 7,000 years and is present in almost every guild on earth. Corrective trunk fine art is argued to take been the earliest form of a ritual in human civilization. The evidence for this comes in the class of utilised red mineral pigments (blood-red ochre) including crayons associated with the emergence of Homo sapiens in Africa.^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]} Cosmetics are mentioned in the Old Testament—2 Kings 9:30 where Jezebel painted her eyelids—approximately 840 BC—and the book of Esther describes diverse beauty treatments every bit well.

Cosmetics were also used in aboriginal Rome, although much of Roman literature suggests that it was frowned upon. It is known that some women in aboriginal Rome invented make up including atomic number 82-based formulas, to whiten the pare, and kohl to line the eyes.^[seven]

Across the globe [edit]

North Africa [edit]

Arab republic of egypt [edit]

One of the earliest cultures to utilise cosmetics was ancient Arab republic of egypt, where both Egyptian men and women used makeup to enhance their appearance. The utilize of cosmetics in Ancient Egypt is well documented. Kohl has its roots in north Africa. The apply of black kohl eyeliner and eyeshadows in nighttime colours such equally blue, red, and black was common, and was commonly recorded and represented in Egyptian art, as well as being seen in Egyptian hieroglyphs. Ancient Egyptians too extracted red dye from fucus-algin, 0.01% iodine, and some bromine mannite,^{[ vague ]} but this dye resulted in serious affliction. Lipsticks with shimmering effects were initially fabricated using a pearlescent substance found in fish scales, which are still used extensively today.^[8] Despite the hazardous nature of some Egyptian cosmetics, ancient Egyptian makeup was also thought to have antibacterial properties that helped prevent infections.^[9] Remedies to treat wrinkles contained ingredients such as gum of frankincense and fresh moringa. For scars and burns, a special ointment was fabricated of cherry-red ochre, kohl, and sycamore juice. An alternative handling was a poultice of carob grounds and honey, or an ointment made of knotgrass and powdered root of wormwood. To improve breath the ancient Africans chewed herbs or frankincense which is yet in use today. Jars of what could exist compared with setting lotion have been found to incorporate a mixture of beeswax and resin. These doubled as remedies for bug such as baldness and greying hair. They also used these products on their mummies, because they believed that information technology would make them irresistible in the after life.

Center East [edit]

Cosmetics are mentioned in the Onetime Attestation, such as in 2 Kings 9:30, where the biblical figure Jezebel painted her eyelids (approximately 840 BC). Cosmetics are also mentioned in the book of Esther, where beauty treatments are described.

Asia [edit]

China [edit]

Flowers play an important decorative role in Prc. Legend has it that once on the seventh day of the 1st lunar month, while Princess Shouyang, girl of Emperor Wu of Liu Song, was resting under the eaves of Hanzhang Palace near the plum trees after wandering in the gardens, a plum blossom drifted down onto her fair face, leaving a floral imprint on her brow that enhanced her beauty further.^{[10] [11] [12]} The court ladies were said to be and then impressed, that they started decorating their ain foreheads with a pocket-size delicate plum blossom design.^{[10] [11] [13]} This is also the mythical origin of the floral style, meihua zhuang ^[11] (梅花妝; literally "plum blossom makeup"), that originated in the Southern Dynasties (420–589) and became popular amongst ladies in the Tang (618–907) and Vocal (960–1279) dynasties.^{[13] [14]}

Mongolia [edit]

Women of royal families painted red spots on the center of their cheeks, correct nether their eyes. Notwithstanding, information technology is a mystery why. They said that cherry-red cheeks are a reason of happy queen.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Nippon [edit]

A maiko in the Gion commune of Kyoto, Nippon, in full make-upwards. The way of the lipstick indicates that she is still new.

In Japan, geisha wore lipstick made of crushed safflower petals to paint the eyebrows and edges of the eyes as well as the lips, and sticks of bintsuke wax, a softer version of the sumo wrestlers' pilus wax, were used by geisha as a makeup base. Rice powder colors the face up and dorsum; rouge contours the heart socket and defines the nose.^{[15] [ unreliable source? ]} Ohaguro (black paint) colours the teeth for the ceremony, called Erikae, when maiko (apprentice geisha) graduate and get independent. The geisha would also sometimes utilize bird droppings to compile a lighter colour.

Southwest asia [edit]

Cosmetics were used in Persia and what today is Iran from ancient periods.^{[ citation needed ]} Kohl is a black powder that is used widely across the Persian Empire. It is used as a pulverization or smeared to darken the edges of the eyelids similar to eyeliner.^[16] Subsequently Persian tribes converted to Islam and conquered those areas, in some areas cosmetics were only restricted if they were to disguise the real wait in order to mislead or cause uncontrolled desire.^{[ citation needed ]} In Islamic law, despite these requirements, there is no absolute prohibition on wearing cosmetics; the cosmetics must not exist made of substances that impairment one's body.

An early teacher in the 10th century was Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi, or Abulcasis, who wrote the 24-volume medical encyclopedia Al-Tasrif. A chapter of the 19th volume was dedicated to cosmetics. As the treatise was translated into Latin, the cosmetic affiliate was used in the Due west. Al-Zahrawi considered cosmetics a branch of medicine, which he called "Medicine of Beauty" (Adwiyat al-Zinah). He deals with perfumes, scented aromatics and incense. There were perfumed sticks rolled and pressed in special molds, perhaps the earliest antecedents of nowadays-day lipsticks and solid deodorants. He also used oily substances called Adhan for medication and beautification.^{[ citation needed ]}

Europe [edit]

Cultures to use cosmetics include the aboriginal Greeks ^{[five] [half-dozen]} and the Romans. In the Roman Empire, the use of cosmetics was common amongst prostitutes and rich women. Such adornment was sometimes lamented by sure Roman writers, who thought it to be against the castitas required of women past what they considered traditional Roman values; and afterwards by Christian writers who expressed similar sentiments in a slightly different context. Pliny the Elder mentioned cosmetics in his Naturalis Historia, and Ovid wrote a book on the topic.

Pale faces were a tendency during the European Middle Ages. In the 16th century, women would drain themselves to achieve stake skin. Spanish prostitutes wore pink makeup to contrast pale peel.^{[ citation needed ]} 13th century Italian women wore cherry lipstick to testify that they were upper class.^[17] Use of cosmetics continued in Middle Ages, where the face was whitened and the cheeks rouged;^[18] during the afterwards 16th century in the West, the personal attributes of the women who used makeup created a demand for the product among the upper grade.^{[ vague ] [18]} Cosmetics continued to be used in the following centuries, though attitudes towards cosmetics varied throughout time, with the use of cosmetics being openly frowned upon at many points in Western history. In the 19th century, Queen Victoria publicly declared makeup improper, vulgar, and acceptable only for utilize by actors,^[19] with many famous actresses of the time, such as Sarah Bernhardt and Lillie Langtry using makeup.

19th-century fashion ideals of women appearing fragile, feminine and pale were achieved past some through the use of makeup, with some women discreetly using rouge on their cheeks and drops of belladonna to amplify their eyes to announced larger. Though cosmetics were used discreetly past many women, makeup in Western cultures during this time was mostly frowned upon, particularly during the 1870s, when Western social etiquette increased in rigidity. Teachers and clergy were specifically forbidden from the use of corrective products.

Americas and Australia [edit]

Some Native American tribes painted their faces for ceremonial events or boxing.^{[ citation needed ]} Similar practices were followed past Aboriginals in Australia.

The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the bailiwick. You may ameliorate this article, hash out the upshot on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (November 2017) (Larn how and when to remove this template bulletin)

19th century [edit]

During the late 1800s, the Western cosmetics industry began to grow due to a ascension in "visual self-awareness," a shift in the perception of color cosmetics, and improvements in the safety of products.^[20] Prior to the 19th century, limitations in lighting technology and access to reflective devices stifled people'due south power to regularly perceive their appearance. This, in turn, limited the need for a cosmetic market and resulted in individuals creating and applying their ain products at habitation. Several technological advancements in the latter half of the century, including the innovation of mirrors, commercial photography, marketing and electricity in the home and in public, increased consciousness of one's appearance and created a need for corrective products that improved ane's image.^[20]

Face powders, rouges, lipstick and similar products made from habitation were found to have toxic ingredients, which deterred customers from their use. Discoveries of non-toxic cosmetic ingredients, such as Henry Tetlow's 1866 use of zinc oxide as a face up powder, and the distribution of corrective products past established companies such as Rimmel, Guerlain, and Hudnut helped popularize cosmetics to the broader public.^[20] Skincare, along with "face painting" products like powders, as well became in-need products of the cosmetics industry. The mass advertisements of cold foam brands such as Pond'due south through billboards, magazines, and newspapers created a high demand for the production. These advertizement and cosmetic marketing styles were soon replicated in European countries, which further increased the popularity of the advertised products in Europe.^[20]

20th century [edit]

Audition applying makeup at lecture by beautician in Los Angeles, c. 1950.

During the early 1900s, makeup was not excessively pop. In fact, women hardly wore makeup at all. Make-up at this time was nonetheless mostly the territory of prostitutes, those in cabarets and on the black & white screen.^[21] Confront enameling (applying actual paint to the confront) became popular among the rich at this time in an endeavour to look paler. This do was dangerous due to the main ingredient oftentimes existence arsenic.^[22] Pale skin was associated with wealth because it meant that i was not out working in the sun and could afford to stay inside all solar day. Cosmetics were so unpopular that they could non be bought in section stores; they could only be bought at theatrical costume stores. A woman's "makeup routine" often only consisted of using papier poudré, a powdered paper/oil blotting canvass, to whiten the olfactory organ in the winter and shine their cheeks in the summer. Rouge was considered provocative, then was merely seen on "women of the night." Some women used burnt matchsticks to darken eyelashes, and geranium and poppy petals to stain the lips.^[22] Vaseline became high in demand considering it was used on chapped lips, as a base for hair tonic, and soap.^[22] Toilet waters were introduced in the early 1900s, but only lavender water or refined cologne was admissible for women to wear.^[23] Corrective deodorant was invented in 1888, by an unknown inventor from Philadelphia and was trademarked under the name "Mum". Roll-on deodorant was launched in 1952, and aerosol deodorant in 1965.

Around 1910, make-upward became fashionable in the U.s. and Europe attributable to the influence of ballet and theatre stars such as Mathilde Kschessinska and Sarah Bernhardt. Colored makeup was introduced in Paris upon the arrival of the Russian Ballet in 1910, where ochers and crimsons were the most typical shades.^[24] The Daily Mirror beauty volume showed that cosmetics were now acceptable for the literate classes to wear. With that said, men frequently saw rouge equally a mark of sexual activity and sin, and rouging was considered an access of ugliness. In 1915, a Kansas legislature proposed to brand information technology a misdemeanor for women under the age of 40-iv to wear cosmetics "for the purpose of creating a false impression."^[25] The Daily Mirror was one of the first to suggest using a pencil line (eyeliner) to elongate the eye and an eyelash curler to accentuate the lashes. Eyebrow darkener was too presented in this beauty book, created from mucilage Arabic, Indian ink, and rosewater.^[26] George Burchett developed cosmetic tattooing during this time catamenia. He was able to tattoo on pink blushes, red lips, and nighttime eyebrows. He also was able to tattoo men disfigured in the First Earth War by inserting peel tones in damaged faces and by covering scars with colors more pleasing to the eye.^[27] Max Cistron opened up a professional makeup studio for phase and screen actors in Los Angeles in 1909.^[28] Even though his store was intended for actors, ordinary women came in to buy theatrical eye shadow and countenance pencils for their domicile utilise.

In the 1920s, the film manufacture in Hollywood had the almost influential impact on cosmetics. Stars such as Theda Bara had a substantial result on the makeup industry. Helena Rubinstein was Bara'south makeup artist; she created mascara for the actress, relying on her experiments with kohl.^[29] Others who saw the opportunity for the mass-market of cosmetics during this fourth dimension were Max Gene, Sr., and Elizabeth Arden. Many of the nowadays day makeup manufacturers were established during the 1920s and 1930s. Lipsticks were i of the most popular cosmetics of this time, more than so than rouge and pulverization, considering they were colorful and inexpensive. In 1915, Maurice Levy invented the metal container for lipstick, which gave license to its mass production.^[thirty] The Flapper style as well influenced the cosmetics of the 1920s, which embraced dark eyes, cherry-red lipstick, cherry-red smash shine, and the suntan, invented as a fashion statement past Coco Chanel. The countenance pencil became vastly popular in the 1920s, in part because it was technologically superior to what it had been, due to a new ingredient: hydrogenated cottonseed oil (also the primal constituent of some other wonder product of that era Crisco Oil).^[31] The early commercial mascaras, like Maybelline, were only pressed cakes containing soap and pigments. A woman would dip a tiny castor into hot water, rub the bristles on the block, remove the excess by rolling the brush onto some blotting paper or a sponge, and then use the mascara equally if her eyelashes were a watercolor sheet.^[31] Eugène Schueller, founder of L'Oréal, invented modern synthetic hair dye in 1907 and he also invented sunscreen in 1936.^[32] The commencement patent for a blast smooth was granted in 1919. Its colour was a very faint pink. Information technology'southward not articulate how night this rose was, only whatsoever girl whose nails were tipped in any pink darker than a baby's blush risked gossip about being "fast."^[31] Previously, only agronomical workers had sported suntans, while fashionable women kept their skins every bit stake as possible. In the wake of Chanel's adoption of the suntan, dozens of new faux tan products were produced to aid both men and women achieve the "sun-kissed" wait. In Asia, skin whitening continued to represent the ideal of beauty, every bit it does to this day.

In the fourth dimension period after the Start Earth State of war, there was a nail in cosmetic surgery. During the 1920s and 1930s, facial configuration and social identity dominated a plastic surgeon's world. Face-lifts were performed every bit early as 1920, but information technology wasn't until the 1960s when corrective surgery was used to reduce the signs of aging.^[33] During the twentieth century, cosmetic surgery mainly revolved around women. Men only participated in the practice if they had been disfigured by the state of war. Silicone implants were introduced in 1962. In the 1980s, the American Society of Plastic Surgeons fabricated efforts to increase public awareness about plastic surgery. As a issue, in 1982, the U.s.a. Supreme Courtroom granted physicians the legal right to annunciate their procedures.^[34] The optimistic and simplified nature of narrative advertisements oftentimes made the surgeries seem hazard-gratuitous, even though they were anything but. The American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery reported that more than 2 million Americans elected to undergo cosmetic procedures, both surgical and non-surgical, in 1998, liposuction beingness the nearly popular. Chest augmentations ranked second, while numbers 3, four, and v went to eye surgery, face up-lifts, and chemic peels.^[33]

During the 1920s, numerous African Americans participated in skin bleaching in an endeavor to lighten their complexion as well as hair straightening to appear whiter. Skin bleaches and hair straighteners created fortunes worth millions and accounted for a massive thirty to fifty percent of all advertisements in the black press of the decade.^[35] Frequently, these bleaches and straighteners were created and marketed by African American women themselves. Pare bleaches contained caustic chemicals such as hydroquinone, which suppressed the production of melanin in the peel. These bleaches could cause severe dermatitis and fifty-fifty death in high dosages. Many times these regimens were used daily, increasing an individual's run a risk. In the 1970s, at to the lowest degree five companies started producing make-up for African American women. Before the 1970s, makeup shades for Black women were limited. Confront makeup and lipstick did not work for nighttime skin types because they were created for stake skin tones. These cosmetics that were created for pale skin tones only made dark skin appear greyness. Eventually, makeup companies created makeup that worked for richer skin tones, such equally foundations and powders that provided a natural match. Pop companies similar Astarté, Afram, Libra, Flori Roberts and Fashion Fair priced the cosmetics reasonably due to the fact that they wanted to reach out to the masses.^[36]

From 1939 to 1945, during the Second World War, cosmetics were in short supply.^[37] Petroleum and alcohol, basic ingredients of many cosmetics, were diverted into state of war supply. Ironically, at this fourth dimension when they were restricted, lipstick, pulverization, and face cream were most desirable and almost experimentation was carried out for the mail war catamenia. Cosmetic developers realized that the war would outcome in a phenomenal boom afterwards, then they began preparing. Yardley, Elizabeth Arden, Helena Rubinstein, and the French manufacturing company became associated with "quality" after the war considering they were the oldest established. Swimming's had this aforementioned appeal in the lower price range. Gala cosmetics were one of the kickoff to give its products fantasy names, such every bit the lipsticks in "lantern cerise" and "sea coral."^[38]

During the 1960s and 1970s, many women in the western world influenced by feminism decided to go without whatsoever cosmetics. In 1968 at the feminist Miss America protest, protestors symbolically threw a number of feminine products into a "Freedom Trash Tin can." This included cosmetics,^[39] which were among items the protestors called "instruments of female torture"^[40] and accouterments of what they perceived to be enforced femininity.

Cosmetics in the 1970s were divided into a "natural expect" for day and a more than sexualized paradigm for evening. Not-allergic makeup appeared when the bare face was in fashion as women became more than interested in the chemic value of their makeup.^[41] Modernistic developments in technology, such as the Loftier-shear mixer facilitated the production of cosmetics which were more natural looking and had greater staying ability in wear than their predecessors.^[42] The prime cosmetic of the time was center shadow, though; women as well were interested in new lipstick colors such equally lilac, green, and silver.^[43] These lipsticks were oftentimes mixed with pale pinks and whites, so women could create their own individual shades. "Blush-ons" came into the market place in this decade, with Revlon giving them wide publicity.^[43] This production was applied to the forehead, lower cheeks, and chin. Contouring and highlighting the face with white eye shadow cream too became popular. Avon introduced the lady saleswoman.^[44] In fact, the whole cosmetic industry in general opened opportunities for women in business equally entrepreneurs, inventors, manufacturers, distributors, and promoters.^[45]

21st century [edit]

Beauty products are now widely available from dedicated internet-only retailers,^[46] who have more recently been joined online by established outlets, including major department stores and traditional brick-and-mortar beauty retailers.

Like most industries, cosmetic companies resist regulation by government agencies. In the U.Southward., the Food and Drug Assistants (FDA) does not approve or review cosmetics, although it does regulate the colors that can exist used in hair dyes. Cosmetic companies are not required to report injuries resulting from utilise of their products.^[47]

Although modern makeup has been used mainly by women traditionally, gradually an increasing number of males are using cosmetics ordinarily associated to women to heighten their own facial features. Concealer is usually used by cosmetic-witting men. Cosmetics brands are releasing cosmetic products peculiarly tailored for men, and men are using such products more ordinarily.^[48] At that place is some controversy over this, even so, as many feel that men who wear makeup are neglecting traditional gender roles, and do not view men wearing cosmetics in a positive light. Others, still, view this equally a sign of increasing gender equality and feel that men as well take the right to enhance their facial features with cosmetics if women exercise.

Today the market of cosmetics has a different dynamic compared to the 20th century. Some countries are driving this economy:

• Japan: Japan is the second largest market in the world. Regarding the growth of this market, cosmetics in Nippon take entered a period of stability. Withal, the market place situation is quickly changing. Now consumers can access a lot of information on the Net and choose many alternatives, opening upwardly many opportunities for newcomers entering the market, looking for chances to meet the diverse needs of consumers. The size of the cosmetics market for 2010 was 2286 billion yen on the ground of the value of shipments by make manufacturer. With a growth rate of 0.ane%, the marketplace was almost unchanged from the previous year.^[49]
• Russia: One of the about interesting emerging markets, the 5th largest in the world in 2012, the Russian perfumery and cosmetics market has shown the highest growth of 21% since 2004, reaching US$13.5 billion.^{[ citation needed ]}

With the imposition of lockdowns due to the COVID-nineteen pandemic and the consequent wariness to return to salons, trends that imitate salon procedures started to emerge, such as more complicated home skin-care regimens, hair color preserving products, and dazzler tools.^[50] Early on in the pandemic, sales on makeup essentials, like foundation and lipstick, decreased by upward to 70% because of quarantining and face up-covering mandates.^[51]

Run into also [edit]

• Cosmetics
• Female person corrective coalitions
• Ochre
• Prehistoric fine art
• Symbolic culture
• Blombos Cave

References [edit]

1. ^ Ability, Camilla (2010). "Cosmetics, identity and consciousness". Journal of Consciousness Studies. 17 (7–8): 73–94.
2. ^ Power, Camilla (2004). "Women in Prehistoric Fine art". In Berghaus, Chiliad. (ed.). New Perspectives in Prehistoric Art. Westport, CT & London: Praeger. pp. 75–104.
3. ^ Watts, Ian (2009). "Red ochre, body painting and linguistic communication: interpreting the Blombos ochre". In Botha, Rudolf; Knight, Chris (eds.). The Cradle of Language. OUP Oxford. pp. 62–92. ISBN978-0-19-156767-four.
4. ^ Watts, Ian (1 September 2010). "The pigments from Tiptop Point Cave 13B, Western Cape, South Africa". Journal of Human being Development. 59 (3): 392–411. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.07.006. PMID 20934093.
5. ^ ^{a b} Adkins, Lesley & Adkins, Roy A. (1998). Handbook to life in Ancient Greece. Oxford Academy Press. ISBN978-0-19512-491-0. ^{[ page needed ]}
6. ^ ^{a b} Burlando, Bruno; Verotta, Luisella; Cornararara, Laura & Bottini-Massa, Elisa (2010). Herbal Principles in Cosmetics. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN978-i-43981-213-six.
7. ^ Olson, Kelly (2009). "Cosmetics in Roman Antiquity: Substance, Remedy, Poison". Classical Earth. 102 (three): 291–310. doi:10.1353/clw.0.0098. JSTOR 40599851. Project MUSE 266767.
8. ^ Johnson, Rita (1999). "What's That Stuff? Lipstick". Chemical & Engineering News. 77 (28): 31. doi:10.1021/cen-v077n028.p031.
9. ^ Bhanoo, Sindya North. (18 January 2010). "Ancient Egypt'southward Toxic Makeup Fought Infection, Researchers Say". The New York Times.
10. ^ ^{a b} Cai, Zong-qi, ed. (2008). How to read Chinese poetry: A guided anthology. New York: Columbia University Printing. p. 295. ISBN978-0-231-13941-0.
11. ^ ^{a b c} Wang, Betty. "Flower deities mark the lunar months with stories of Love & Tragedy". Taiwan Review. Government Information Part, Commonwealth of Mainland china. Archived from the original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
12. ^ "Unknown". West & East 中美月刊. Sino-American Cultural and Economic Association. 36–37: 9. 1991. ISSN 0043-3047. ^{[ dead link ]}
13. ^ ^{a b} Huo, Jianying. "Ancient Cosmetology". Prc Today . Retrieved 8 October 2011.
14. ^ Mei, Hua (2011). Chinese clothing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 32. ISBN978-0-521-18689-6. For example, the Huadian or forehead ornament was said to have originated in the South Dynasty, when the Shouyang Princess was taking a walk in the palace in early spring and a light breeze brought a plum bloom onto her forehead. The plum blossom for some reason could non be washed off or removed in any way. Fortunately, it looked beautiful on her, and of a sudden became all the rage among the girls of the commoners. It is therefore chosen the "Shouyang makeup" or the "plum flower makeup." This makeup was pop amidst the women for a long fourth dimension in the Tang and Vocal Dynasties.
15. ^ Graham-Diaz, Naomi (Oct 2001). "Make-Up of Geisha and Maiko". Immortal Geisha. Archived from the original on ix February 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
16. ^ Oumeish, Oumeish Youssef (July 2001). "The cultural and philosophical concepts of cosmetics in beauty and art through the medical history of mankind". Clinics in Dermatology. 19 (4): 375–386. doi:ten.1016/s0738-081x(01)00194-8. PMID 11535377.
17. ^ Madrano, Autumn (1999). "A Colorful History". InFlux. University of Oregon School of Journalism and Advice. Archived from the original on 17 January 2001. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
18. ^ ^{a b} Angeloglou 1970, pp. 41–42.
19. ^ Pallingston, Jessica (1998). Lipstick: A Celebration of the World's Favorite Cosmetic. New York Urban center: St. Martin'south Printing. ISBN978-0-312-19914-ii.
20. ^ ^{a b c d} Jones, Geoffrey (2010). "How Do I Expect?". Beauty Imagined. Oxford, UK: Oxford Academy Printing. pp. 44–63. ISBN978-0-19955-649-six.
21. ^ Sava, Sanda (5 May 2016). "A History of Brand-up & Manner: 1900-1910". SandaSava.com . Retrieved 19 May 2016.
22. ^ ^{a b c} Angeloglou 1970, p. 113.
23. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 114.
24. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 115.
25. ^ Peiss 1998, p. 55.
26. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 116.
27. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 117.
28. ^ Peiss 1998, p. 58.
29. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 119.
30. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 125.
31. ^ ^{a b c} Riordan, Teresa (2004). Inventing Beauty. New York Metropolis: Broadway Books. ISBN978-0-76791-451-two. ^{[ page needed ]}
32. ^ "Eugène Schueller". 50'Oréal.
33. ^ ^{a b} Haiken, Elizabeth (2000). "The Making of the Mod Face: Corrective Surgery". Social Research. 67 (1): 81–97. JSTOR 40971379. PMID 17099986.
34. ^ Lee, Shu-Yueh; Clark, Naeemah (2014). "The Normalization of Corrective Surgery in Women's Magazines from 1960 to 1989". Journal of Mag Media. 15 (1). doi:10.1353/jmm.2014.0014. Project MUSE 773691.
35. ^ Dorman, Jacob S. (1 June 2011). "Skin bleach and civilization: the racial germination of blackness in 1920s Harlem" (PDF). Periodical of Pan African Studies. four (4): 47–81. Gale A306514735.
36. ^ "Modern Living: Black Cosmetics". Fourth dimension. 29 June 1970. Retrieved ix February 2010.
37. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 127.
38. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 131.
39. ^ Dow, Bonnie J. (2003). "Feminism, Miss America, and Media Mythology". Rhetoric & Public Affairs. 6 (1): 127–149. doi:10.1353/rap.2003.0028. S2CID 143094250.
40. ^ Duffett, Judith (October 1968). WLM vs. Miss America. Voice of the Women'due south Liberation Motility. p. 4.
41. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 138.
42. ^ "Cosmetics and Personal Care Products". Charles Ross & Son Company . Retrieved 7 June 2009.
43. ^ ^{a b} Angeloglou 1970, p. 135.
44. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 137.
45. ^ Peiss 1998, p. 5.
46. ^ "Lessons from categorising the entire dazzler products sector (Part one)". Dazzler Now. 27 September 2009. Archived from the original on 10 October 2009. Retrieved 28 September 2009.
47. ^ "Cosmetics and your health". Function on Women'south Wellness. 4 November 2004.
48. ^ "FDA Authority Over Cosmetics". Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. 3 March 2005. Archived from the original on 13 May 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
49. ^ ""The Japanese cosmetics marketplace is actively changing," Hajime Suzuki, Cosme Tokyo". Premium Beauty News.
50. ^ "The beauty trends customers are ownership during Covid-nineteen". Vogue Business. 10 August 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
51. ^ "Sleeping beauty halls: how Covid-19 upended the 'lipstick index'". The Guardian. eighteen December 2020. Retrieved ii Apr 2022.

Sources [edit]

• Angeloglou, Maggie (1970). The History of Make-up. London, U.k.: Macmillan. OCLC 615683528.
• Peiss, Kathy Lee (1998). Promise in a Jar: The Making of America'southward Beauty Culture. Metropolitan Books. ISBN978-0-8050-5550-4.

External links [edit]

• Forsling, Yvonne. "Regency Cosmetics and Make-Up: Looking Your All-time in 1811". Regency England 1790-1830.
• "Naked face project: Women try no-makeup experiment". Us Today. 28 March 2012.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cosmetics

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